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He deployed federal law enforcement forces in response to the racial unrest in 2020. Trump's demand for the federal funding of a border wall resulted in the longest US government shutdown in history. He implemented a controversial family separation policy for migrants apprehended at the U.S.–Mexico border. The federal deficit increased under Trump due to spending increases and tax cuts. He withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and signed the USMCA, a successor agreement to NAFTA. He enacted tariffs, triggering retaliatory tariffs from China, Canada, Mexico, and the EU. In economic policy, he partially repealed the Dodd–Frank Act and signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
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He signed criminal justice reform through the First Step Act and successfully appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court. He signed the Great American Outdoors Act, reversed numerous environmental regulations, and withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change. Trump sought substantial spending cuts to major welfare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. Trump was unsuccessful in his efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act (ACA) but rescinded the individual mandate and took measures to hinder the ACA's functioning. It was the first presidency since that of Herbert Hoover in 1932 in which a sitting president was defeated and his party lost its majorities in both chambers of Congress. His presidency ended with defeat in the 2020 presidential election to Democrat Joe Biden after one term in office. Trump made an unprecedented number of false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency. Trump, a Republican from New York City, took office following his Electoral College victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, in which he did not win a plurality of the popular vote. Donald Trump's tenure as the 45th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2017, and ended on January 20, 2021.